RURAL HABITATE OF VILLAGE MASOOMPUR

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM 
 To study social and physical infrastructure   Migration of people to cities.  To study the scope of vernacular technology for construction of houses.
1.2 OBJECTIVE 
 To study the basic concept of Indian habitat.  To study rural house is based on functional requirements.  Social and economic factors binding or dividing the settlement.   To find out factors that has influenced the local architecture over a period of the time.
1.3 METHODOLOGY  
1. Topic selection
primary
 Site visit  Photography  Sketching  interviews
Secondary
 internate search
2. Data Analysis
3. Inference

2 HABITAT 
2.1 DEFINITION OF HABITAT 
Habitat is a place where species get what they need to survive: food, water, cover and place to raise young. For people habitat might stretch from their home (where they have water, cover and place to raise young), to the supermarket (where they buy food). All the places people go to get what they need to survive can be considered part of their habitat. A habitat is the place where living things live. It is more than just a home it includes the whole surrounding area. The habitat provides the animal or plant with food or shelter. Habitat is the place where a population lives. A population is a group of living organisms of the same kind living in the same place at the same time. All of the populations interact and form a community. Not all features of habitat area of equal importance. They are critical factors such as water supply and food.
2.2 ABOUT DISTRICT
Ballia district is the easternmost part of the Uttar Pradesh state and borders on Bihar State. It comprises an irregularly shaped tract extending westward from the confluence of the Ganga and the Ghaghra, the former separating it from Bihar in the south and the latter from Deoria and Bihar in the north and east respectively. The boundary between Ballia and Bihar is determined by the deep streams of these two rivers. It is bounded on the west by Azamgarh, on the north by Deoria, on the north-east and south-east by Bihar and on the south-west by Ghazipur. The district lies between the parallels of 25º33' and 26º11' North latitudes and 83º38' and 84º39' East longitudes. It is a small rural unit of self-contained community living in small housing and huts etc. it is a place where the manmade surroundings have been dominated by natural surroundings. It has population of around 3500. More than 75 percent of which are engaged in agricultural occupant.

2.2.1 Geography
Ballia is located at 25.45°N 84.10°E. The eastern boundary of the city lies at the junction of the Ganges, and the ghaghara. Geographic features 'Suraha Tal' Lake is a lake with a circumference of about 25.6 km. The junction of the Ganges and the Ghaghara rivers marks the eastern boundary of Ballia, and the fairgrounds are at this point.

2.3 LOCATION OF THE MASOOMPUR VILLAGE
In Masoompur village there was zamindari system. Those who were the founder of village. They acquired the whole area of village and neighbouring area and started farming there. They came there in eighteenth century. They constructed there house on a high elevated land about 2-2.5 m above from the road. The area of the village on which they constructed there residence area. At that time mud was the local material that was used for construction. The walls were made by mud, roof was made of wood shrub, flooring was of mud and plaster was mud and cow dung.



2.4 PLANNING ASPECT OF THE MASOOMPUR VILLAGE
Village has developed in the form of concentric rings with nucleus people lives in centre, nucleus or heart of the villages

3 DEMOGRAPHY In 1901, Ballia had a population of 15,27. According to the 2001 Indian census. Ballia had a population of 102,226. Males constituted 54% of the population, and females 46%. Ballia had an average literacy rate of 65%----which was higher than the national average of 59.5%----with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. Eleven percent of the population was under six years of age.
According to the provisional data of the 2011 census, Ballia has a population of 3,223,642, of which 1,667,557 are male and 1,556,085 are female. The literacy rate was recorded as 86.65%

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES 
Dadri Mela  
Dadri Mela is the second largest cattle fair of India which is held 5 km from Ballia town, near NH 31 and 3 km from the bus station of Ballia city. The fair starts with people taking a holy dip in river Ganges on the full moon of Kartik Poornima (October– November). This fair is held annually in the honor of Dadar Muni, the disciple of Maharishi Bhrigu. This one-month long fair is organized in two phases. The first phase starts 10 days before the onset of Kartik Poornima, during which traders bring some excellent breeds of cattle from across India for sale/purchase. On or after Kartik Poornima, various cultural programs are organized and one can find here a large number of makeshift shops of various items during the next fortnight. 
4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT OF THE MASOOMPUR VILLAGE 

4.1 SOCIAL CONDITION
Near MASOOMPUR village, there is place called Baheri. This place has market on the both side of the state highway. And all the basic needs have been fulfilled by the market. These shops are not too big but these are small shops that provides the basic needs of the household. There is a very remarkable thing about the market i.e. it is only on the two sides of the main road. Hence, it is segregated from the main
residential area, because of this the entire village is away from the noise. There is only residences in the main village. 

The neighbourhood of the village is divided on the basis of caste and religion caste system and the name of the mohallas on the similar basis:
  Muslim Mohalla.  Harijan Mohalla.  Pandit  Mohalla.  Kumhar Mohalla.  Hajamtola.  Koiritola
 There is space for weekly bazaar in baheri along the state highway.It is organised one day in a week saturday.

 6 SPACES WITHIN THE HOUSE 
6.1 VARANDA  
An open-walled, roofed porch attached to the exterior of a domestic structure and usually surrounded by a railing. Three sides of the building is closed and one side is open and approachable from the court yard all doors of the rooms open in veranda. All family member sit together in this area all of the day in some cases usually. Flooring is done with mud and bricks. It is usually found in single unit and open from the above so it used for ventilation and light. In the evening time family members sits together and sleeping in summers. Flooring is usually done with bricks and plastered in various patterns.
6.2 KOHTHRI  
It is usually attached with a room with no ventilation and these rooms are used for storage purpose called Kothari.

6.3 ANGAN  

It is simply the central court yard around which the rooms are arranged it is a semi- private space in the house, mainly women use that place for coocking, washing, preparation area, bathing, and for many purpuses etc.

 7 MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION 

 Grass   timber.  Tali (made up of clay mud)  Khapda(made up of clay mud)  Bricks and etc 

8 SERVICES There is no sewerage system in the village. In most of houses there is old toilets system. This is only used by females and for children, male walks towards the farm expect in the emergency. But now-a-days who are financially strong they constructed toilet for their use. The internal streets of the village are covered by interlocking brick tiles there is sloped provided both side of the street which is used as a drainage. The whole waste water drained towards outside of the village. There are 12 ponds in the village of which three are used for collecting the drainage. In the rainy season, the water gets collected in ponds. 

9  SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND 

9.1 ECONOMICAL CONDITION The villager are not economical strong, most of the population is based on agriculture. 70% of the population are farmers. The economy of our village is based on agriculture. Rest 30% of the population is employed in public sectors and private sectors. 

The major crops produced in the village are as follows:- 1. Wheat 2. Millets 3. Rice 4. Potato 5. Tomato 6. Pea 7. maize 8. Sugarcane etc.  

Due to cultivation of sugarcane, there are small plants which make “raab” (called in local language). There are some small-scale industries in our village.

 Milk production i.e dairy farm.  Brick kiln i.e called bhatta.  Group of milk men supply their milk direct to mau.  Rest of population is labour class and having their own works. The halwai, blacksmith, carpenter, potter, cobbler and tailor e.t.c. 

KATRA 

Market places are divided in such way that many number of shops have constructed in row both sided within the plot area in local language called “katra”. 

10 INFRASTRUCTURE: 

10.1 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

 10.1.1 HEALTH FACILITY There is a government dispensary and private Christion missionaries which holds 50 percent people which is 3 and 2.5 km resp from main village. Most of the population is supported by private clinics and nursing home run privately. 

10.1.2 COMMUNITY FACILITY; There is no Barat ghar provided in or near the village. People use streets, ahatas, roads.  

10.1.3 GREEN AREAS: 

All the surrounded area of the village is covered by green agricultural fields.

10.1.4 RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS: There are two temples in the village one inside and other is outside the village. There is a mosque in the village. 

10.1.5 GRAVEYARD:  Muslim cemetery is situated in outskirt of the village, also there is tomb of saint is present inside the qabristan so that people from all religion came there to beg their wishes. 

12 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS VILLAGE The most of houses are made of mud because of plenty of alluvial soil in area. It is very fertile. It is very usefull of farming. The wall of houses are made of this mud or from unburned bricks called kacchi bricks. These brick are sun dried. These are laid together with the help of mud mortar. Roof are also made kacchi roof. These are made with the help of some kind of  shrub called puar ,kanda. This also used making kalams for calligraphy. They cut and dried before using in the roof. The bundle is made of this and a bunch of this used in roof. they use tile for roofing called khapraila.  

  Figure 12-1 house of a olden time period constructed with brick, mud, mortar, timber and tiles 

First of all the block of timber is put over the wall on the shorter span and the bundle of that shrub layed over it. The wooden member is used for supporting the bundle. It is put such a way that there is no gap between the bundles. Over the bundle the polythene for water proofing is put over it. Over it dried mud or clay has been laid.  Then plaster or lapping of alluvial soil with straw of wheat crops. This lapping is required every year before rainy season. In rainy season the clay is drained with water. 

14 MIGRATION People move for a variety of reasons. They consider the advantages a disadvantages staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance, travel costs, travel time, modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers. 

Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.).  

Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.). 

Several types of push and pull factors may influence people in their movements (sometimes at the same time), including: 

1. Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters) 

2. Political (e.g., war) 

3. Economic (e.g., work) 

4. Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education)  

14.1 TYPES OF MIGRATION 

 LOCAL  ZONAL  CITY LEVEL 

14.1.1 LOCAL Local migration is the migration of the villagers to the nearby villages and towns for the occupation and basic needs that are not available in the village. 

14.1.2 ZONAL MIGRATION Zonal migration is the migration of the villagers to the nearby districts and towns for the occupation and basic needs that are not available in the village. 

14.1.3 CITY LEVEL MIGRATION City level migration is the migration of the villagers to the distant cities and towns for the occupation and fore-want of better life standards that are not available in the village. 

16 CONCLUSION
People are coming to the cities packing their belongings, moving, starting, in the most massive moment of the people the world has ever seen. People for many reasons- to find employment, or to escape calamities like floods, famine and drought. Rural poverty is the most fundamental reason for the great migration to the city.  

The vast majority of these men and women are farmers and farm labourers who in their villages lack resources and opportunities for an economically active life. A migrants to hold in the city may be a squatter shanty or nearby marginal lands. They often stay with relatives or on undesirable public sites hoping that the public authorities will not notice their invasion of public or private lands.  

The solution to homelessness, especially in the lower-income bracket, lies not in the supplier of finished homes, but in realizing and supporting the peoples creative energies in building and improving their homes and neighbourhoods.  

People have been building for centuries and one of the factors overlooked by the government agencies is that the people themselves are a resource. As a person improves his economic base and social standing, his position in the society consolidates, and he expresses this in terms of the finesse of his house. He may even change his location in the city.  

Programmes that do not take this mobility pattern into consideration will most likely fail because they use criteria – availability of public lands or the desire to improve the aesthetics of the poor areas – different from those pursued by the squatters. Providing just “homes” misses out the point that they are already finished, and leave no room for flexibility. The quarter will not be able to enlarge or improve his own dwelling when his life improves.